What is judicial review

 Judicial Review in Indian Judiciary System (English Version)


Introduction:

Judicial Review is one of the most significant features of the Indian Judiciary. It refers to the power of the judiciary, especially the Supreme Court and High Courts, to examine the validity of laws passed by the legislature and actions taken by the executive in light of the Constitution of India. If any law or executive action is found to be unconstitutional, the judiciary has the authority to declare it null and void.


Origin and Basis:

The concept of judicial review is not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution of India, but it is implied from several provisions such as:


Article 13 – Declares that any law inconsistent with or in derogation of Fundamental Rights shall be void.


Article 32 and Article 226 – Provide the power to the Supreme Court and High Courts, respectively, to issue writs for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights.


Article 131–136 – Empower the Supreme Court to settle constitutional disputes.



The landmark case of Kesavananda Bharati vs. State of Kerala (1973) upheld the power of judicial review as part of the "basic structure" of the Constitution.


Importance of Judicial Review:


1. Protection of Fundamental Rights: Ensures that citizens’ rights are not violated by arbitrary laws or executive actions.



2. Maintenance of Rule of Law: Upholds constitutional supremacy over parliamentary supremacy.



3. Checks and Balances: Acts as a check on the powers of the legislature and executive, preventing misuse of authority.



4. Guardian of the Constitution: Judiciary ensures that the Constitution remains the supreme law of the land.




Types of Judicial Review in India:


1. Review of Legislative Actions: Courts examine the validity of laws passed by Parliament and State Legislatures.



2. Review of Administrative Actions: Courts check whether executive actions are within the limits of the Constitution.



3. Review of Judicial Decisions: Judiciary has power to review its own judgments under Article 137.




Conclusion:

Judicial Review in India is an essential element of democracy and constitutionalism. It preserves the supremacy of the Constitution, secures citizens’ rights, and ensures that all organs of government act within their constitutional limits. Without judicial review, democracy would lose its spirit and meaning.



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भारतीय न्यायपालिका में न्यायिक समीक्षा (Hindi Version)


परिचय:

न्यायिक समीक्षा (Judicial Review) भारतीय न्यायपालिका की सबसे महत्वपूर्ण विशेषताओं में से एक है। इसका अर्थ है कि सर्वोच्च न्यायालय और उच्च न्यायालयों के पास यह अधिकार है कि वे विधायिका द्वारा बनाए गए कानूनों तथा कार्यपालिका द्वारा किए गए कार्यों की वैधता की जाँच करें और यदि वे संविधान के अनुरूप न हों, तो उन्हें शून्य और अमान्य घोषित कर दें।


उत्पत्ति और आधार:

भारतीय संविधान में न्यायिक समीक्षा का प्रत्यक्ष उल्लेख नहीं है, लेकिन यह कई अनुच्छेदों से स्पष्ट रूप से निहित है, जैसे –


अनुच्छेद 13 – ऐसा कोई भी कानून जो मौलिक अधिकारों का उल्लंघन करता है, शून्य होगा।


अनुच्छेद 32 और अनुच्छेद 226 – सर्वोच्च न्यायालय और उच्च न्यायालयों को मौलिक अधिकारों के संरक्षण हेतु रिट जारी करने का अधिकार प्रदान करते हैं।


अनुच्छेद 131–136 – सर्वोच्च न्यायालय को संवैधानिक विवादों के समाधान का अधिकार देते हैं।



केशवानंद भारती बनाम केरल राज्य (1973) मामले में सर्वोच्च न्यायालय ने यह निर्णय दिया कि न्यायिक समीक्षा संविधान की "मूल संरचना" (Basic Structure) का अभिन्न हिस्सा है।


न्यायिक समीक्षा का महत्व:


1. मौलिक अधिकारों का संरक्षण: नागरिकों के अधिकारों की रक्षा करती है।



2. कानून के शासन का पालन: यह सुनिश्चित करती है कि संविधान सर्वोच्च है।



3. सत्ता का नियंत्रण: विधायिका और कार्यपालिका की शक्तियों पर नियंत्रण रखती है।



4. संविधान की रक्षक: न्यायपालिका संविधान की सर्वोच्चता को बनाए रखती है।




भारत में न्यायिक समीक्षा के प्रकार:


1. विधायी कार्यों की समीक्षा: संसद और राज्य विधानमंडल द्वारा बनाए गए कानूनों की समीक्षा।



2. प्रशासनिक कार्यों की समीक्षा: कार्यपालिका के कार्यों की संवैधानिक सीमा में जाँच।



3. न्यायिक निर्णयों की समीक्षा: अनुच्छेद 137 के अंतर्गत सर्वोच्च न्यायालय अपने निर्णयों की पुनः समीक्षा कर सकता है।




निष्कर्ष:

भारतीय लोकतंत्र में न्यायिक समीक्षा एक अपरिहार्य तत्व है। यह संविधान की सर्वोच्चता को बनाए रखती है, नागरिकों के अधिकारों की रक्षा करती है और यह सुनिश्चित करती है कि शासन की सभी संस्थाएँ संविधान की सीमाओं में रहकर कार्य करें। न्यायिक समीक्षा के बिना लोकतंत्र का अस्तित्व अधूरा हो जाएगा।



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