Write a note on hypersonic missile

 Note on Hypersonic Missiles (20 Marks)


Hypersonic missiles represent a new class of advanced weaponry capable of traveling at speeds exceeding Mach 5, which is five times the speed of sound or approximately 6,174 km/h. Unlike traditional ballistic missiles that follow a predictable parabolic trajectory, hypersonic missiles are characterized by their maneuverability, speed, and low atmospheric flight paths. These features make them extremely difficult to detect, track, and intercept, posing significant challenges to modern air and missile defense systems.


There are two primary types of hypersonic weapons: Hypersonic Glide Vehicles (HGVs) and Hypersonic Cruise Missiles (HCMs). HGVs are launched atop a rocket and then glide at hypersonic speeds toward their target, maneuvering unpredictably along the way. HCMs, on the other hand, are powered throughout their flight by high-speed air-breathing engines called scramjets, allowing sustained hypersonic travel at lower altitudes.


The strategic advantage of hypersonic missiles lies not only in their speed but also in their ability to alter course mid-flight, making it hard for traditional radar systems to predict their path. This severely limits the effectiveness of conventional missile defense systems, which are primarily designed to counter slower and more predictable threats. Furthermore, the high kinetic energy of hypersonic missiles means that even non-nuclear variants can cause devastating damage through sheer impact alone.


Several nations, including the United States, Russia, China, and India, are actively developing and testing hypersonic technologies. Russia, for instance, has deployed the Avangard HGV and the Kinzhal hypersonic missile, while China has tested its DF-ZF glide vehicle. The United States is working on multiple programs like the Conventional Prompt Strike (CPS) and Hypersonic Attack Cruise Missile (HACM), reflecting the strategic importance of staying ahead in this emerging domain.


In the Indian context, the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) is working on the Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle (HSTDV), a critical step toward developing indigenous hypersonic cruise missile capability. India also plans to integrate hypersonic technology into future iterations of the BrahMos missile, in collaboration with Russia.


Hypersonic missiles are not just military innovations but geopolitical game changers. Their development could potentially destabilize strategic balances, especially because of their ability to deliver both nuclear and conventional warheads with minimal reaction time for adversaries. The introduction of such weapons into global arsenals raises concerns about a new arms race and increases the risk of miscalculation during conflicts.


In conclusion, hypersonic missiles symbolize the cutting-edge of modern military technology, offering unmatched speed, maneuverability, and penetration capabilities. Their evolution is likely to reshape future warfare doctrines, compel the development of new defensive technologies, and alter the strategic calculations of nations worldwide. However, they also bring significant risks, urging the international community to consider arms control frameworks that address this emerging threat.


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