Write a note on ballistic missile

 Note on Ballistic Missile (20 Marks)


A ballistic missile is a type of missile that follows a ballistic trajectory to deliver one or more warheads to a predetermined target. It is launched directly into the upper atmosphere or space using rocket propulsion and then follows a curved path under the influence of gravity to descend toward its target. Ballistic missiles are designed for long-range, high-speed attacks and can carry conventional or nuclear warheads.


The flight of a ballistic missile occurs in three primary phases: boost phase, midcourse phase, and terminal phase. In the boost phase, rocket engines propel the missile out of the atmosphere. During the midcourse phase, the missile coasts in space along a predictable arc. In the terminal phase, the warhead re-enters the Earth’s atmosphere and descends rapidly toward the target.


Ballistic missiles are classified based on their range:


1. Short-Range Ballistic Missiles (SRBMs) – Range up to 1,000 km



2. Medium-Range Ballistic Missiles (MRBMs) – Range between 1,000 to 3,000 km



3. Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missiles (IRBMs) – Range between 3,000 to 5,500 km



4. Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs) – Range beyond 5,500 km




Some ballistic missiles are also submarine-launched, known as SLBMs (Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missiles). These offer a second-strike capability, making them a crucial component of a nation’s nuclear triad.


Ballistic missiles are valued for their speed, range, and payload capacity. Modern variants often incorporate Multiple Independently targetable Reentry Vehicles (MIRVs), allowing a single missile to carry multiple warheads and strike several targets simultaneously. This makes them highly efficient and deadly.


Countries like the United States, Russia, China, India, North Korea, and France possess ballistic missile technology. The U.S. and Russia maintain large arsenals of ICBMs as part of their nuclear deterrence strategies. India’s Agni series and Prithvi missiles are examples of indigenous ballistic missile programs. Agni-V, with a range of over 5,000 km, brings India closer to a credible strategic deterrent capability.


Ballistic missiles are central to military doctrines, especially in nuclear strategy. Their use as delivery systems for nuclear weapons makes them a key element of deterrence policies. However, they also pose a serious challenge to international security, prompting efforts to develop missile defense systems such as the Patriot, THAAD, and S-400.


In conclusion, ballistic missiles remain one of the most significant and powerful components of modern military arsenals. Their strategic importance, long-range capability, and potential for carrying nuclear warheads make them both a tool of deterrence and a cause for global concern. As nations continue to develop and deploy advanced missile systems, the need for robust arms control measures and diplomatic efforts becomes increasingly urgent to prevent escalation and maintain international peace.

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